Super unleaded does make a difference. You may have to run a few tanks to notice but your ecu will adapt to a better rate of fuel. The only real placebo is the super diesel stuff, that's just a con and won't improve derv performance, may help the engine last longer but that's it.
It will not. A standard GTI is optimised for 95RON running it on 98RON will not develop more power as the timing will not be advanced to allow the engine to take advantage of it. It will not do any harm, short or long term but there is no advantage in running Premium Unleaded on the current Golf.
I have had previous experience with the Mk5 Golf Ed 30 and others (Honda S2000, Honda Integra Type-R etc.) which were optimised from the factory for 98RON but would run on lower octane - which were auto-detected by knock sensors which reduced the advance on the timing to eliminate detonation - with reduced performance...
Now if you want to remap you MkVII, you might re-map it based on Super Unleaded and you will see more power, and assuming the MkVII GTI has knock-sensors, you could run it on 95 (in this situation) with reduced performance.
The test that I have seen performed used an Impreza WRX (optimised for 98RON)...