....Is it okay to vent 'cold' air to the back of the brake disc?
Huh, yes! But the vent isn't going to the back of the disc itself. It's just going into the inner side of the wheel arch area in general - in the same way that the OEM vents in the undertray does.

For the ultimate cooling of disc brakes, a very concentrated and direct airflow of the coolest possible air, aimed straight at the inner side of the disc, near the hub - is the most reliable method. This is how all F1, LMP and GT race cars are set up!

I'm probably wrong but I thought I read somewhere that it wasn't a good idea to create a differential in temperature in either side of the disc.
What a load of tosh.

Why, then, do road cars have one side of the disc open, in clear view through the alloys, yet the rear side is covered by the splash shields. Also, why is it that on road car discs (conventional ones, not ceramics or any aftermarket ones), the outer face is connected to the disc "bell", which bolts to the hub, and creates a very postive path for heat conduction, yet the inner face is not, and therefore has no path for heat conduction!

I expect it's fine just delivering more air to the general area and wouldn't be fine if your vent pipes extended all the way close to the disc backs.
Yes and no. More air in the general area is better than less, however the ultimate and most effective cooling solution is where the ducts virtually touch the inner face of the disc.