A guy named Franz Reimspiess and Nikolai Borg designed the stacked badge as we know it today, Reimspiess was also the man who refined the original Beetle engine, a car whose body construction was developed by Erwin
Komenda. 
. Prior to this the Peoples Car logo was in fact the Swastika which the VW logo is said to mimic at certain rotational speed. (urban legend) The badge was originally found in a cog like design which was dropped along with the Swastika. A version with the Wolsfburg logo also existed around this time.
No idea about the black badge though

Sorry for the history lesson, I'm a big Porsche (VW) fan.