No and no.
The standard tyres are 225/45/R17
18inch alloys have 225/40/R18 tyres fitted.
So the diameter of the alloy has increased by 1 inch or 25mm. However, the depth of the tyre side wall will also decreased by 25mm. The 45 and 40 numbers are some sort of ratio and not an actual measurement. Therefore, the tyres should have the same circumference = does not effect the speedo.
Your tyres will need 'fitted and balanced', but wheel alignment will be fine until you hit a few potholes.