I can't remember if it says this in the Golf handbook (sure it does though) but I do remember that previous cars I have had with air con, all say that is doesn't work below 4ºC so they are correct in that respect.
Even at just above 4º its probably difficult to check how cold it gets with air con on as your outside air temp is cool anyway, the air con does not really need to cool it any further. Certainly with an outside temp of 10º when you turn your heater dial to cold and put on the face vents, switching on the air con should have a noticable effect on cooling the air to the point where it is uncomfortable to hold your hand at the vent.
I would wait until the warmer weather to test it for sure though - I see you are comparing it to a Ford Ka, if this is anything like the 5 year old Ford Puma I owned (which had not been re-gassed), its air con was incredibly cold and I found that it was colder than the air con system in our 2 year old Discovery or indeed the Astra I was using prior to buying my Golf.
If you are still not sure that its as cold as it should be, take it to an air con specialist who can measure the quantity of gas in the system and advise if a re-gas is necessary. IIRC the going rate for this is around £70.
Hope this helps