1.) Without hearing it internet diagnosis is almost impossible, I can't really hear my turbo spooling up in my TDI, but it might be better sound proofed than a Golf? How loud is it?
2.) Dunno, but I'd get it sorted ASAP.
3.) Sounds like the Alternator Pulley, do a search on here or Google and you'll find it's very common & easy to fix, could just be the tensioner or Belt though.
4.) Dunno, probably been covered loads in the MK4 sections.